Helictite Indexes page Helictite Home page Key to Abstractors
The abstracts appear in reverse order of the publishing sequence in Helictite.
Title: Microkarren in Australia - a request for information
Authors: GRIMES, Ken G.
Published: 2007, Helictite 40(1):21-23
Abstract by author:
Microkarren are the smallest class of visible karren. They are finely-sculptured solutional forms, typically recognisable
within a one centimetre grid. They come in a variety of patterns, of which fields of moderately to strongly sinuous
microrills about 1mm wide and several decimetres long are the most conspicuous type. A descriptive terminology
is suggested. Their genesis is uncertain, but appears to involve solution by thin films of water (dew, sea-spray or
light rain) with surface-tension effects. In Australia their best development seems to be in the tropical monsoon
(seasonally dry) and arid areas. However, these cryptic forms are poorly recorded and it is too early to make definite
statements about their distribution. This note is a request for people to watch for them and report any sightings.
Includes: 5 photos, 7 refs
Title: Tectonic and Talus Caves at Pilchers Mountain, New South Wales
Authors: SMITH, Garry K.
Published: 2007, Helictite 40(1):11-20
Abstract by author:
There are fourteen known caves within the Pilchers Mountain Environmental Protection Reserve, in New South Wales,
Australia. The reserve contains five main chasms which run generally East-West for approximately one kilometre, over a
total width of half a kilometre.
The chasms and caves were formed by massive sandstone block separation along sub-parallel joint planes. Movement
of the blocks toward the valley floor was aided by the dip of the sandstone layers and presence of underlying shale bands
which acted as slip planes when lubricated by groundwater. There are two distinct types of caves at Pilchers Mountain,
"tectonic" caves formed by the movement of large blocks of bedrock, and "talus" caves amongst large breakdown rocks
and boulders. The chasms provide a micro-climate which supports a pocket of dense, high canopy, subtropical rainforest,
and the caves are home to populations of bats and other fauna.
The European history of Pilchers Mountain is detailed in chronological order from the early 1800s to the present day. A
Plan of Management is in the process of being formulated by stakeholders and interested parties to ensure the continued
preservation of the reserve.
Includes: 8 figures (3 maps, 4 photos, 1 diagram), 1 table, 22 refs
Keywords: Pseudokarst, Tectonic Caves, Talus caves, Fissure caves, History, Management, New South Wales
Title: The abode of malevolent spirits and creatures - Caves in Victorian Aboriginal social organization
Authors: CLARK, Ian D.
Published: 2007, Helictite 40(1):2-10
Abstract by author:
A study of Aboriginal associations with Victorian caves finds that there is a rich cultural heritage associated with caves.
This association has been found to be rich and varied in which caves and sink holes featured prominently in the lives
of Aboriginal people - they were often the abodes of malevolent creatures and spirits and some were associated with
important ancestral heroes, traditional harming practices, and some were important in the after death movement of souls
to their resting places. Aboriginal names for caves, where known, are discussed.
Includes: 4 figures, 34 refs
Keywords: rock shelters, caves, dark zones, Aboriginal heritage, mythology, Victoria, Australia
Title: Thinking about Karst and World Heritage
Authors: HAMILTON-SMITH, Elery
Published: 2006, Helictite 39(2):51-54
Abstract by author:
Various aspects of the operation of the World Heritage Convention have been reviewed over the last several years.
The actual inscription criteria and process have been changed to reduce the differences between natural and cultural sites.
This may well be of benefit to those seeking recognition of karst sites as many such sites have both natural and cultural values.
At the same time, every effort is being made to reduce the number of new inscriptions, while at the same time endeavoring
to ensure that the list is balanced, representative and credible. Efforts are being made to establish frameworks to enable
more adequate assessment of representivity, and this paper will propose and examine a potential framework for cave and karst sites.
Includes: 1 table, 9 refs
Keywords: karst, world heritage convention, assessment framework criteria
Title: Environmental Reconstruction of Karst using a Honeysuckle species widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine
Authors: YUNQIU, Xie; CHENG, Zhang; YONG, Lü; ZHENPING, Deng
Published: 2006, Helictite 39(2):47-50
Abstract by authors:
As in the deserts of Northwestern China, there is a need to reconstruct the fragile karst of Southwestern China using
sustainable techniques that protect the environment and develop the economy. One means of achieving this is to plant
species used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine. The characteristics of Honeysuckle used in traditional Chinese
medicine, when produced on the Donggangling Formation at Nongla Village in Mashan County, in Guangxi Province of
Southwestern China, match those of Honeysuckle grown in traditional production areas of China, and comply with the
specification set for the Honeysuckle by the P.R. China Codex. Added properties of the Honeysuckle are the
accumulation of phosphorus and potassium, in addition to the accumulation of elements such as calcium, magnesium,
copper, zinc and so on. Further discussion considers extending the areas in which this Honeysuckle is currently grown,
and its limitations in the karst region of Southwestern China where 60% - 70% of calcareous soil may be suitable for
its cultivation.
Includes: 1 figure, 4 tables, 7 refs
Keywords: karst, environmental reconstruction, Honeysuckle used in traditional Chinese medicine, Donggangling Formation
Title: Seasonal Karst Lake Cerknica (Slovenia) : 2000 Years of Man Versus Nature
Authors: KRANJC, Andrej
Published: 2006, Helictite 39(2):39-46
Abstract by author:
The Roman geographer Strabo (63 BC 21 AD) was probably the first to mention Lake Cerknica (Cerkniško Jezero)
and the first printed record was published in 1537 (G. Leonberger). The early authors (16th17th C.) just admired it.
The next phase can be called the research one. Authors of the 18th century tried to explain the lake’s hydrographic regime.
With the rise of physiographic movements, the first proposals to change the regime, i.e. to dry up the lake, appeared.
Many projects have been suggested; a lot of research and even some practical works were done until the middle of the
20th century. No project was fully implemented because of fear of flooding the capital, Ljubljana.
After World War II, the situation changed. Instead of draining the lake, it was proposed to make the lake permanent.
The first experiments were not successful and in the 1980s attitudes towards the lake changed. Green and environmental
movements prevailed and work began to protect the lake as a natural phenomenon.
Includes: 8 figures, 27 refs
Keywords: polje, engineering works, karst research, history, Slovenia, Cerknica
Title: Syngenetic Karst in Australia: a review
Authors: GRIMES, Ken G.
Published: 2006, Helictite 39(2):27-38
Abstract by author:
In syngenetic karst speleogenesis and lithogenesis are concurrent: caves and karst features are forming at the same time as the
loose sediment is being cemented into a soft, porous rock. "Eogenetic karst" and "soft-rock karst" are closely related terms for
features developed in soft, poorly-consolidated limestones. The distinctive features of syngenetic karst are:
shallow horizontal cave systems; a general lack of directed conduits (low irregular chambers occur instead);
clustering of caves at the margins of topographic highs or along the coast; paleosoil horizons;
vertical solution pipes which locally form dense fields; extensive breakdown and subsidence to form
collapse-dominated cave systems; a variety of surface and subsurface breccias and locally large collapse dolines
and cenotes; and limited surface sculpturing (karren). These features are best developed in host sediments
that have well developed primary matrix permeability and limited secondary cementation (and hence limited
mechanical strength), for example dune calcarenites. Certain hydrological environments also assist:
invading swamp waters or mixing at a well-developed watertable; or, near the coast, mixing at the top
and bottom of a freshwater lens floating on salt water. Where these factors are absent the karst forms
tend to be more akin to those of classical hard-rock or telogenetic karst.
Includes: 20 figures, 56 refs
Keywords: syngenetic karst, eogenetic diagenesis, soft-rock karst, dune calcarenite, solution pipes, Australia
Title: Extended Abstract: Cave Aragonites of New South Wales
Authors: ROWLING, Jill
Published: 2006, Helictite 39(1):22-23
Abstract by KGG:
Aragonite is unstable in fresh water and usually reverts to calcite, but
it is actively depositing as a secondary mineral in the vadose zone of
some caves in New South Wales. Aragonite deposits were examined to
determine whether the material is or is not aragonite. Substrates to the
aragonite were examined, as was the nature of the bedrock. The physical,
climatic, chemical and mineralogical influences on calcium carbonate
deposition in the caves were investigated. The study sites are all
located in Palaeozoic rocks within the Lachlan Fold Belt tectonic region
of New South Wales.
Several factors were found to be associated with the deposition of
aragonite instead of calcite speleothems. They included the presence of
ferroan dolomite, calcite-inhibitors (in particular ions of magnesium,
manganese, phosphate, sulfate and heavy metals), and both air movement
and humidity.
Chemical inhibitors work by physically blocking the positions on the
calcite crystal lattice which would have otherwise allowed calcite to
develop into a larger crystal. Often an inhibitor for calcite has no
effect on the aragonite crystal lattice, thus aragonite may deposit
where calcite deposition is inhibited.
Another association with aragonite in some NSW caves appears to be high
evaporation rates allowing calcite, aragonite and vaterite to deposit.
Vaterite is another unstable polymorph of calcium carbonate, which
reverts to aragonite and calcite over time. Vaterite, aragonite and
calcite were found together in cave sediments in areas with low
humidity.
Title: Extended Abstract: Ecology and hydrology of a threatened groundwater-dependent ecosystem: the Jewel Cave karst system in Western Australia
Authors: EBERHARD, Stefan M.
Published: 2006, Helictite 39(1):21-22
Abstract by KGG:
This thesis investigates the hydrology and ecology of a threatened
aquatic root mat community in the Jewel Cave karst system in the
Leeuwin-Naturaliste Ridge, Western Australia. Development of the karst
system dates from the Early Pleistocene and the caves have been
available for colonisation by groundwater fauna since that time.
Speleogenesis of the watertable maze caves occurred in a flank margin
setting during earlier periods of wetter climate and/or elevated base
levels.
Watertable fluctuations over the last 50 years did not exceed the range
experienced in the Quaternary history. The recent groundwater decline in
Jewel Cave was not related to rainfall, nor groundwater abstraction nor
nearby tree plantations. However, it did coincide with a reduction in
fire frequency within the karst catchment. The resultant increase in
understorey vegetation and ground litter may have reduced groundwater
recharge through increased evapotranspiration and interception of
rainfall.
The populations of two genera and species of cave dwelling Amphipoda are
largely panmictic. Both species have survived lower watertable levels
during the Late Pleistocene. A mechanism for the colonization and
isolation of populations in caves is proposed. Faunal patterns
(including species diversity, species assemblages, habitat associations
and biogeography) were related to abiotic environmental parameters. The
ecological water requirements of the community were determined as a
baseline for evaluation of impacts such as groundwater pollution. If
rainfall continues to decline, and the cave watertable declines > 0.5 m
below the present level, then the groundwater ecosystem may become more
vulnerable to extinction. The taxonomy and distribution of root mat
communities is poorly known and a regional-scale survey is required to
properly assess their conservation requirements. Meanwhile, conservation
actions for the communities need to be focused at the scale of the karst
drainage system and catchment area.
Title: A small cave in a basalt dyke, Mt. Fyans, Victoria, Australia
Authors: GRIMES, Ken G.
Published: 2006, Helictite 39(1):17-20
Abstract by author:
A small but unusual cave has formed within a large dyke that intrudes a
scoria cone at the summit of Mount Fyans, western Victoria. Draining of
a still-liquid area, after most of the dyke had solidified, left an open
cavity. Features within the cave mimic those of conventional lava caves,
and suggest that the lava levels oscillated within the cave. Some
smaller fingers of lava that intruded the scoria also have hollow,
drained, cores.
Includes: 7 figures, 6 refs
Keywords: pseudokarst, volcanic caves, dyke.
Title: In Situ Taphonomic Investigation of Pleistocene Large Mammal Bone Deposits from The Ossuaries, Victoria Fossil Cave, Naracoorte, South Australia
Authors: REED, Elizabeth H.
Published: 2006, Helictite 39(1):5-15
Abstract by author:
The Ossuaries within the Victoria Fossil Cave (5U-1) contain a large,
virtually untouched deposit of Pleistocene vertebrates. Discovered in
the early 1970s, the chamber has been left unexcavated as a ‘reference’
section of the cave and contains taphonomic features analogous to the
formation of other large deposits such as the Fossil Chamber. This paper
presents the results of an in situ taphonomic investigation of large
mammal fossils from The Ossuaries. The results suggest The Ossuaries
acted as a pitfall trap for a range of large Pleistocene mammals, in
particular kangaroos. Once accumulated, the skeletons of these animals
were subject to burial and dispersal by water and modification by
trampling and termite gnawing. The presence of articulated material
suggests many animals survived their initial fall, only to wander
further into the cave and perish at some distance from the entrance.
Includes: 5 figures, 3 tables, 13 refs
Keywords: karst, cave, taphonomy, palaeontology, mammal, Pleistocene.
Title: The first Australian record of subterranean guano-collecting ants
Authors: MOULDS, Timothy
Published: 2006, Helictite 39(1):3-4
Abstract by author:
An arthropod community was found in guano of the inland cave bat
(Vespadelus findlaysoni) roosting in the abandoned Eregunda mine, a 25 m
adit located east of Blinman in the central Flinders Ranges, South
Australia. This guano community is remarkable because meat ants
(Iridomyrmex purpureus Smith) were observed to enter the mine, collect
fresh guano, and carry it back to the nest. This opportunistic behaviour
has not previously been reported in Australian or overseas hypogean
guano communities. Bat guano is eaten directly by many guanobitic and
guanophilic invertebrates as high nitrate food, or, more commonly the
more readily digested glycogen rich bacteria and fungus are eaten.
Although not strictly a cave, the lack of suitable bat roosts in nearby
caves, and the stable environmental conditions present, make this site
locally important as a representative hypogean guano arthropod
community.
Includes: 1 figure, 7 refs
Keywords: Ant, biospeleology, Flinders Ranges, Formicidae, guano.
Title: The relationship between local climate and radon concentration in the Temple of Baal, Jenolan Caves, Australia
Authors: WHITTLESTONE, Stewart ; JAMES, Julia ; BARNES, Craig
Published: 2003, Helictite 38(2):39-44
Abstract by authors:
Radon measurements were collected over a period of one year in a large
chamber known as the Temple of Baal at Jenolan Caves, near Sydney,
Australia. Correlation of radon concentrations with rainfall, surface
air pressure and temperature confirmed that radon originating from
different locations was predominant under different conditions. During
periods of low rainfall, radon concentrations varied in strong
anti-correlation with the surface air pressure, indicating that most of
the radon was coming from remote locations of large pore or void volume
in rock of limited permeability. On the other hand, in wet periods the
observed radon levels were low and steady, suggesting a local source. In
both wet and dry conditions the correlation of radon concentrations with
rainfall on a time-scale of a few days was positive, proving that
permeability of surface strata affected the ventilation rate in the
cave. The study achieved a detailed understanding of radon
concentrations in the Temple of Baal, and the main conclusion reached
was that the magnitude and variation of radon concentrations in the
Temple of Baal were closely related to the degree of water saturation in
the local surrounds.
Includes: 6 figures, 1 table, 6 refs
Keywords: karst, radon, cave climate
Title: Nowranie Caves and the Camooweal Karst Area, Queensland: Hydrology, Geomorphology and Speleogenesis, with Notes on Aquatic Biota
Authors: EBERHARD, Stefan
Published: 2003, Helictite 38(2):27-38
Abstract by author:
Development of the Nowranie Caves includes both phreatic and vadose
components, with prominent influences on cave geomorphology exerted by
joints, bedding and past changes in watertable levels. Active
circulation is occurring within a phreatic conduit at moderate depth
(22-30 m) below the level of the present watertable. Slugs of flood
water can penetrate well into the flooded section of the cave, and it
appears that dissolutional enlargement of the conduit may be occurring
under present conditions. Speleogenesis in Nowranie Caves incorporates
deeper phreatic processes in addition to shallow phreatic (i.e.
watertable) processes. A series of three fossil, or occasionally
re-flooded, phreatic horizontal levels in the Nowranie Caves correspond
with similar levels in other Camooweal caves, and reflect a regional
pattern and multi stage history of watertable changes linked with cave
development. The stacked series of cave levels may reflect episodic
uplift, wetter climatic episodes, or a combination of both - possibly
dating from early to mid Tertiary times. Caves and dolines are the major
points for groundwater recharge in the Camooweal area, and these are
susceptible points for injection of contarninants into the groundwater
system. A climatic and distributional relict, and locally endemic, fauna
is present in the groundwater. The Nowranie Caves, and Camooweal area
generally, has conservation significance as a karst hydrogeological and
ecological system that has preserved a history of regional landscape and
faunal evolution in northern Australia during the Quaternary.
Includes: 7 figures, 2 tables, 19 refs
Keywords: Camooweal, karst, hydrology, geomorphology, speleogenesis, biota
Title: Palaeokarst in the Noondine Chert in Southwestern Australia: Implications for Water Supply and the Protection of Biodiversity
Authors: APPLEYARD, Steve
Published: 2002, Helictite 38(1):17-19
Abstract by author:
In southwestern Australia, karst features occur in geological formations
other than the coastal calcarenites of the Tamala Limestone. The
Noondine Chert was formed by the silicification of carbonate rocks
and contains relict carbonate textures and palaeokarst features such
as intense brecciation and the presence of subsurface voids. This
geological formation is an important aquifer to the east of the Perth
Basin where groundwater resources are otherwise limited, and the
aquifer is highly vulnerable to contamination from agricultural land
use. The Noondine Chert may also contain a rich stygofauna. This has
not been taken into account in groundwater protection policies, and
needs to be assessed as a matter of urgency.
Includes: 1 figure, 15 refs
Keywords: palaeokarst, stygofauna, groundwater, managemen
Title: Systematic composition and distribution of Australian cave collembolan faunas with notes on exotic taxa
Authors: GREENSLADE, Penelope
Published: 2002, Helictite 38(1):11-16
Abstract by author:
Collembola (springtails) have been collected from caves in Tasmania,
northwestern Western Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland
more intensively in recent years than in the past. A sharp boundary in
the composition of faunas of southern and northern Australia was found
with the highest diversity of troglobitic forms in southeastern Australia
and Tasmania. No extreme examples of troglobitic genera have yet been
found in Western Australia. A single record of Cyphoderopsis was made
from Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean, a common genus in caves in Sumatra.
The Jenolan cave system has been most completely sampled with nearly
100 samples from fourteen caves. This system contains over twenty
species of which three genera, Adelphoderia, Oncopodura and a new genus
near Kenyura, are exclusively troglobitic with locally endemic species
of conservation and phylogenetic interest. Compared with some Tasmanian
caves, the Jenolan fauna appears to harbour more species that are likely
to have been introduced.
Includes: 2 figures, 3 tables, 29 refs
Keywords: Collembola, caves, Australia, distribution
Title: Cave Temperatures at Naracoorte Caves
Authors: SANDERSON, Ken ; BOURNE, Steven
Published: 2002, Helictite 38(1):7-10
Abstract by authors:
Temperatures in four different caves at Naracoorte were logged for periods
of up to two years, during 1998-2001. In Bat Cave temperatures near ground
level were 19.0-21.1°C in the maternity chamber, and 10.3-15.6°C near the
entrance. In Victoria Fossil Cave temperatures near the fossil chamber were
16.9-18.3°C. In Blanche Cave and the outer chamber of Robertson Cave
temperatures were 9.4-15.0°C, with temperatures in the inner chamber of
Robertson Cave 14.2-15.0°C. Cave chambers with little air flow had seasonally
stable temperatures, and those with high air flow showed seasonal temperature
variations of 5-6°C.
Includes: 6 figures, 1 table, 5 refs, 1 data file
Keywords: cave temperature, air flow, Naracoorte Caves
Title: Chromophores Producing Blue Speleothems at Cliefden, NSW
Authors: TURNER, Ken
Published: 2002, Helictite 38(1):3-6
Abstract by author:
Osborne (1978) has described in some detail the blue stalactites that occur in
Murder and Boonderoo Caves at Cliefden, NSW and reports "that the colour is
due to some impurity in the aragonite and not to refractive effects". In
this study, small samples from the Boonderoo and Taplow Maze blue speleothems
have been chemically analysed. Based on these chemical analyses it is suggested
that the major chromophore is copper, with secondary contributions from chromium
(Taplow Maze only) and perhaps nickel.
Includes: 1 figure, 1 colour photo (cover), 2 tables, 7 refs
Title: Subterranean Fauna of Christmas Island, Indian Ocean
Authors: HUMPHREYS, W.F.; EBERHARD, Stefan
Published: 2001, Helictite 37(2):59-74
Abstract by authors:
The subterranean environment of Christmas Island is diverse and includes
freshwater, marine, anchialine, and terrestrial habitats. The cave fauna comprises
swiftlets, and a diverse assemblage of invertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic,
which includes a number of rare and endemic species of high conservation signicance.
At least twelve species are probably restricted to subterranean habitats and are
endemic to Christmas Island. Previously poorly known, the cave fauna of Christmas
Island is a signicant component of the island's biodiversity, and a signicant cave
fauna province in an international context. The cave fauna and habitats are sensitive
to disturbance from a number of threatening processes, including pollution,
deforestation, mining, feral species and human visitors.
Includes: 5 tables, 2 photos, 66 refs, 1 appendix
Keywords: Island karst, Biospeleology, stygofauna, troglobites, anchialine, scorpion, Procarididae
Title: Karst Features of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)
Authors: GRIMES, Ken G.
Published: 2001, Helictite 37(2):41-58
Abstract by author:
Christmas Island (in the Indian Ocean) is an uplifted, composite,
reef-carbonate island with a volcanic core. The coast is mostly cliffed and
rises steeply via a series of terraces to a central phosphate-blanketed plateau.
In spite of the high rainfall, there is little surface water as drainage is
underground and karstic - it is initially stored in an epikarst aquifer, then
follows the limestone/volcanic contact out to the island edge to emerge at major
conduit springs. These springs are mostly at or below sea level, but some perched
springs occur where the volcanic rocks appear at the surface. Caves occur at
the present coast, as uplifted coastal caves, on the plateau, and there are a
few pseudokarst caves. Cave development involves mixing zones between fresh and
sea water in the coastal zone, and between vadose and phreatic waters perched on
the volcanic rocks beneath the plateau. Cave locations and form are controlled by
the rock structure (especially jointing) the location of the volcanic contact, and
the combination of uplift with present and past sea levels - which controls the
location of the mixing zone.
Includes: 4 maps, 4 figs, 2 tables, 12 photos, 31 refs, 1 appendix
Keywords: island karst, caves, tropical karst, Indian Ocean
Title: Searching for Water on Christmas Island
Authors: BARRETT, Peter J.
Published: 2001, Helictite 37(2):37-39
Abstract by author:
A hundred years of searching for underground water supplies for the settlement
and mine operations on Christmas Island has involved dug wells, drilling, cave
exploration and geophysics. Water has been extracted from wells, drill holes,
springs and caves. The main production at present is from a set of cave streams
on the plateau.
Includes: 1 map, 1 photo
Title: The History of Christmas Island and the Management of its Karst Features
Authors: MEEK, Paul D.
Published: 2001, Helictite 37(2):31-36
Abstract by author:
Christmas Island is an external Territory of Australia with a history pre-dating that
of mainland Australia. It hosts a diverse range of endemic and native terrestrial,
subterranean and aquatic flora and fauna with Australian, Indo-Malesian and Pacific
affinities. The Island has survived the impacts experienced on other tropical
islands as a result of human settlement and is a highly valued ecological asset
to Australia. The karst environment has been under-valued as an ecological entity
until recently when extensive speleological surveys were conducted. These surveys
were a part of broader attempts to prepare a management plan to conserve the values
of the karst environment.
Includes: 1 map, 2 photos, 21 refs
Title: Karst Geology of Wellington Caves: a review
Authors: OSBORNE, R.A.L.
Published: 2001, Helictite 37(1):3-12
Abstract by author:
After 170 years of scientific investigation and speculation,
significant problems in the karst geology of
Wellington Caves remain unsolved. Work in progress is addressing
issues relating to: the role of the geological
structure in cave development; the mechanism of cave formation;
the palaeontology, stratigraphy and sedimentology
of the cave sediments; the origin of the phosphate deposits and
the relationship between the caves and the
surrounding landscape. Little progress has been made in
understanding the hydrology of the karst or the
meteorology of the caves. These latter problems will require
long-term monitoring and data collection, which has yet
to commence.
Keywords: caves, speleogenesis, cave sediments, vertebrate fossils, Wellington Caves
Title: Review: What is karst?
Authors: GOEDE, Albert
Published: 2000, Helictite 36(2):42
Abstract by KGG:
A review of a paper by Doerr, S.H., 1999, Karst-like landforms and hydrology
in quartzites of the Venezuelan Guyana shield: pseudokarst or "real" karst?
Zeitschrift fur Geomorphology, 43(1), 1-17. The erosion process appears to
involve solution of the silica, not just weathering of the cement.
Includes: ref
Title: Review: Evolution of caves and the inception horizon hypothesis
Authors: GOEDE, Albert
Published: 2000, Helictite 36(2):41-42
Abstract by KGG:
Review of a paper by OSBORNE, R.A., 1999: The inception horizon hypothesis
in vertical to steeply-dipping limestone: applications in New South Wales,
Australia. Cave and Karst Science, 26(1), 5-12.
Includes: 2 refs
Title: Thermoluminescence dating of dune ridges in western Victoria
Authors: WHITE, Susan
Published: 2000, Helictite 36(2):38-40
Abstract by author:
Absolute dating of the Pleistocene dune ridges of southwestern Victoria
establishes a time frame for speleogenesis of syngenetic karst in such
dune calcarenites. The dunes were deposited during the late mid-Pleistocene.
Includes: map; 9 refs
Title: Records of the Tasmanian cave fauna known or purported to be in the South Australian Museum
Authors: CLARKE, Arthur
Published: 2000, Helictite 36(2):23-37
Abstract by KGG:
A detailed list of Tasmanian cave invertebrate specimens supposedly
held in the South Australian Museum, sorted by species and also by
karst area. Records indicate that the South Australian Museum collection
should contain at least 334 specimens, represented by 41 species from 9
karst areas and 23 caves in Tasmania; over 40% were not located.
Includes: fig; 26 refs
Title: Mud speleothems in a west Victorian cave
Authors: GRIMES, Ken G.
Published: 1999, Helictite 36(1):18
Abstract by GJM:
Describes mud stalactites in a cave at Drik Drik, western Vic.
Suggests a possible mode of formation.
Title: Christmas Island cave studies
Authors: GRIMES, Ken G. ; HUMPHREYS, William F.
Published: 1999, Helictite 36(1):17-18
Abstract by KGG:
Summary of karst features and karst biology of Christmas Island
(Indian Ocean). Limestone caps a basalt volcanic seamont. Coastal
caves entered from sea cliffs. Uplifted coastal caves reflect past
sea levels. Also plateau caves, fissure caves and one cave in basalt.
Subterranean fauna was sampled via caves, boreholes and springs.
Fauna includes swiftlets and a diverse assemblage of invertebrates,
both terrestrial and aquatic (including anchialine). At least 12
underground species endemic to island.
Title: Sand speleothems: an Australian example
Authors: GRIMES, K.G.
Published: 1999, Helictite 36(1):11-16
Abstract by author:
Sand speleothems have formed in sea caves at Loch Ard Gorge,
Victoria, Australia, by the localised precipitation of calcium
carbonate in loose sand that fills the caves. Calcite-saturated
waters have entered the caves from the surrounding porous limestone,
either dripping onto the sand, or seeping directly into it from
the walls. Removal of the uncemented sand has exposed the cemented
formations which have shapes analogous to those of conventional
stalagmites, stalactites and shelves.
Includes: 7 figs, 10 refs
Keywords: caves, karst, sand speleothems, concretions, Australia
Title: Ribbon helictites: a new category
Authors: ROWLING, Jill
Published: 1999, Helictite 36(1):3-10
Abstract by author:
Describes the size, shape, abundance and location of ribbon helictites
and proposes possible growth mechanisms for them. SEM photographs of
surface of a ribbon helictite show an unusual crystal form for a
calcite speleothem, together with apparent etching and pitting of
surfaces. These surfaces exhibit some features found in organically
deposited calcite. Further optical work revealed that stem of ribbon
helictites is composed of a twinned pair of crystal aggregates, with
stem's central canal lying in this twin plane. The ribbon also appears
to exhibit twinning. Oval features on ribbon's surface appear to be
twinned aggregates, originating from ribbon's central canal. It is
proposed that ribbon helictites form by two growth stages: development
of stem and then a ribbon, with influences from acidic solutions.
Overall shape is strongly controlled by crystal habit.
Includes: 15 figs, 8 refs
Keywords: helictite, calcite, twinning, Jenolan, lublinite
Title: Nineteenth Century Paintings, Drawings and Engravings of Australian Caves
Authors: Hamilton-Smith, Elery
Published: 1997, Helictite 35(1&2):12-38
Abstract by author:
Non-photographic images of Australian caves and karst from the 19th century
are catalogued, together with notes on sources and artists.
Includes: 243 catalogue entries, 15 figs, notes on 3 sources and 46 artists
Title: Perceptions of Australian Caves in the 19th Century: The Visual Record
Authors: Hamilton-Smith, Elery
Published: 1997, Helictite 35(1&2):5-11
Abstract by author:
Visual images, however produced, provide a record of how the physical
world is perceived. All images of the natural world convey both a
'scientific' objectivist perception and an 'aesthetic' subjectivist view,
each in differing proportions according to the perception of the person
creating the image. This paper examines and assesses the extent to which
images of Australian caves produced during the 19th century can illuminate
our understanding of how Australias perceived caves at the time. Although
providing some overview of all images, the paper gives primary attention
to non-photographic renditions.
Includes: 4 figs, 15 refs
Title: Review: "The caves of Thailand" by John R. Dunkley, 1995, 124 pages; "Thailand caves catalogue" by John R. Dunkley, 1994, 44 pages; "Caves of North-West Thailand" by John R. Dunkley and John B. Brush (eds.), 1986, 62 pages
Authors: MIXON, Bill
Published: 1996, Helictite 34(2):38
Abstract by GNB:
All three books are A4 size softbound, available from the Helictite
Commission of Australian Speleological Federation Inc.
Orignally published by Speleological Research Council.
Title: Radon and its decay products in caves
Authors: BARNES, Craig M. ; JAMES, Julia M. ; WHITTLESTONE, Stewart
Published: 1996, Helictite 34(2):33-37
Abstract by RB:
Investigations into radon and its progeny in Australian caves
are showing the presence within the caves of high levels of these
substances. Described here are the factors that have been shown in
studies worldwide to affect the levels of radon and radon decay
products over time within cave systems.
Includes: 3 figs
Title: The Stromatolites of the Cenote Lakes of the Lower South East of South Australia
Authors: THURGATE, Mia E.
Published: 1996, Helictite 34(1):17-25
Abstract by RB:
Stromatolite are lithified, laminated, organosedimentary deposits.
Preliminary examination of eight cenote lakes near Mt. Gambier has
revealed the presence of tens of thousands of actively - forming
stromatolites. Based on the external morphology, 14 different types
of stromatolites have been identified, columnar growth forms are
most common. Three genus of Diatom and three genus of Cyanobacteria
are the most likely responsible for stromatolite development.
Includes: 3 figs, 1 table, 8 plates, 18 refs
Title: Vadose weathering of sulfides and limestone cave development, evidence from eastern Australia
Authors: OSBORNE, R. Armstrong L.
Published: 1996, Helictite 34(1):5-15
Abstract by RB:
Many significant limestone caves in eastern Australia (particularly
New South Wales, Tasmania) are associated with sulfide deposits
and other ore bodies. These deposits have a variety of origins
(hydrothermal, paleokarst, volcaniclastic). The sulfides weather
on exposure to oxygen - rich vadose seepage water, lowering the
water pH and releasing sulfate and magnesium which can lead to
the deposition of gypsum and aragonite speleothems. Removal of
weathered ores and ore - bearing paleokarst sediments in the
vadose zone is, in places, an important mechanism for the
formation of large caverns.
Includes: 12 figs, 32 refs
Title: Karst Geomorphology and Hydrology of Gunung Tempurung, Perak, Malaysia
Authors: GILLESON, David ; HOLLAND, Ernst ; DAVIES, Gareth
Published: 1995, Helictite 33(2):35-42
Abstract by authors:
Gunung Tempurung is a 600-metre high limestone tower in the Kinta Valley located to the south of the city
of Ipoh, Malaysia. The tower contains at least one extensive cave system, Gua Tempurung, which
has a length of approximately 4800 metres and a vertical range of about 200 metres. The tower is an erosional
remnant of a thick sequence of Silurian - Permian Limestones initially formed as a shelf deposit near an
ancient coastline. The carbonate rocks lie adjacent to, and are laterally bounded by, Late Mesozoic granite
plutoniic rocks emplaced by activity related to the Late Triassic uplift from plate boundary stresses along the western
edge of the Malay Peninsular. The limestones have been folded and compressed between the granites and
have been altered by contact metamorphism to marbles and skarn. Hydrothermal mineralisation of the
limestone host rock has yeilded deposits of tin, with some tungsten minerals and other minor ores. In the central
part of the karst tower a river-cave system, Gua Tempurung, developed from local damming of the north and
south outlets of a small catchment derived from the granite upland area to the east. In several locations inside
the dry upper chambers of the cave, vein deposits of tin (cassiterite) are evident in walls and ceilings.
Additionally alluvial tin deposits derived from the Old Alluvium are present in the cave.
Includes: 5 figs, 2 plates, 7 refs
Title: Investigations of the Wyanbene Caves Area
Authors: ROWLING, Jill
Published: 1995, Helictite 33(2):29-34
Abstract by author:
This paper discusses preliminary findings concerning the geological
structure of these and other caves in the area. The other caves
include Clarke's Cave, Ridge Mine Pot, Goat Cave and several unnamed
caves and springs. Wyanbene Cave is a streamway cave, formed
primarily along a south striking joint in Late Silurian limestone.
Drainage of the surface above Wyanbene Cave is affected by the
south west striking joints of a Late Devonian conglomerate cap.
Secondary deposits in the cave are affected by hydrothermal ore deposits.
Includes: 5 figs, 4 refs
Title: Cocklebiddy Shells
Authors: BROWN, Rosemary
Published: 1996, Helictite 33(1):19-21
Abstract by author:
Five genera of shells were collected from the sediment around
Cocklebiddy Cave lake in the Nullarbor Plain (Western Australia).
All shells belong to small modern gastropod terrestrial snails.
Includes: figs
Title: Early Accounts of Caves in Mauritius
Authors: MIDDLETON, Greg
Published: 1995, Helictite 33(1):5-18
Abstract by author:
A survey is attempted of published accounts of lava caves on
the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius up to the early 20th
century. A number of writers mentioned caves as part of the
natural curiosities of the island, though there was a high
level of information recycling. The earliest written cave
account dates from 1769; the cave it relates to is also the
most written-about and, on current knowledge, is the oldest
on the island. On neighbouring Rodrigues the earliest record
is thought to date from 1789.
Includes: maps, photos, illustrations
Title: Siluro - Devonian Bungonia Group, Southern Highlands, NSW
Authors: BAUER, J. A.
Published: 1994, Helictite 32(2):25-34
Abstract by author:
The Bungonia Group is a sequence of Late Silurian - Early
Devonian biostromal limestone, sandstone and shale constituting
marine fill of the Wollondilly Basin, an extensional structure
initiated during the Mid-Silurian. The Bungonia Limestone is
elevated to Group status based on detailed mapping and analysis
of the facies and faunal assemblages.
Includes: 5 figs, including 2 maps, 1 table
Title: Crombie's Cave. A granite cave in New England, NSW
Authors: OLLIER, C. D. ; SMITH, J. M. B.
Published: 1994, Helictite 32(1):17-20
Abstract by author:
A small cave near Armidale formed when Powers Creek found an underground
route through weathered joints in granite, and enlarged by stream abrasion.
Includes: map, photos, survey
Title: The Effects of Fire on Soluble Rock Landscapes
Authors: HOLLAND, Ernst
Published: 1994, Helictite 32(1):3-10
Abstract by author:
The spalling of limestone as a result of fire is discussed.
Numerous observations throughout Australian karsts show that
the effects of fire on limestone vary with its type, the
intensity of the fire and the nature of the limestone weathering.
An associated laboratory study of the effects of heat on
limestone is also discussed.
Includes: 3 figs, 2 tables, 8 plates, 20 refs
Title: Abstract: Insect larvae and tufa formation at Louie Creek, Northwest Queensland, Australia IN: Proceedings of the Wombeyan Karst Workshop November 19-22, 1993
Authors: DRYSDALE, Russell
Published: 1993, Helictite 31(2):46
Abstract by author, RM:
Although insect larvae have been previously recorded in tufas, no studies
have been carried out which examine their role in tufa formation. It is
clear from preliminary results from Louie Creek that these organisism
are in some cases very important in tufa growth and development.
Title: Abstract: The Invertebrate Cave Fauna of Wombeyan IN: Proceedings of the Wombeyan Karst Workshop November 19-22, 1993
Authors: EBERHARD, Stefan
Published: 1993, Helictite 31(2):45
Abstract by RM:
57 species of cave dwelling invertebrates are recorded.
Title: Abstract: Speleogenesis in aeolian Calcarenite: a case study in Western Victoria IN: Proceedings of the Wombeyan Karst Workshop November 19-22, 1993
Authors: WHITE, Susan
Published: 1993, Helictite 31(2):45-46
Abstract by author, RM:
The simultaneous lithification of the carbonate dunes into aeolian calcarenite
rock and the development of solutional karst features in the dunes is the
characteristic feature of the speleogenesis of the area.
Title: Abstract: Distribution of Bryophites on limestones in Eastern Australia IN: Proceedings of the Wombeyan Karst Workshop November 19-22, 1993
Authors: DOWNING, A. J.
Published: 1993, Helictite 32(2):45
Abstract by author, RM:
Comparisons of bryophytes on limestone and nonlimestone substrates at
Jenolan Caves, London Bridge, and Attunga.
Title: Abstract: The Gregory Karst and Caves, Northern Territory IN: Proceedings of the Wombeyan Karst Workshop November 19-22, 1993
Authors: DUNKLEY, John R.
Published: 1993, Helictite 31(2):45
Abstract by author, RM:
Located in the Gregory National Park between Katherine and Kununurra,
this area has been investigated by speleologists since 1990 and
this is a preliminary report drawing attention to a significant
new tropical karst.
Title: Abstract: Eastern Australian Quaternary mammal faunas: their palaeoclimatic and faunistic setting - and their potential IN: Proceedings of the Wombeyan Karst Workshop November 19-22, 1993
Authors: RIDE, W.D.L.
Published: 1993, Helictite 31(2):44-45
Abstract by author, RM:
The availability of extensive palaeoclimatic information and
the realisation that the cave deposits of eastern Australia
extend back into the Tertiary, and the recognition that
virtually the whole of the characteristic marsupial fauna are
arid adapted, it seems likely that the caves have the
potential to illustrate the whole of the spectacular and
rapid Australian radiation after the loss of the rainforests.
Title: Karsting around for bones: Aborigines and karst caves in South Eastern Australia
Authors: SPATE, Andy
Published: 1993, Helictite 31(1):13-22
Abstract by RM:
Whilst there appears to be a popular belief that Australian
Aborigines viewed caves with some trepidation there is much
anecdotal and physical evidence that karst caves were used for
occupation, art and funery practices. This paper reviews the
past and modern literature on Aboriginal use of karst caves
on the Tablelands and immediate surrounds. About ten occupation
and a lesser number of disposition sites are known as are hand
stencils and abstract engraved art. More representational art
has been reported in the past and skeletal material of accidental
or unknown origin reported widely. Dated sites are few ranging
from about 1500 years BP to as old as 23000 years BP.
Includes: map, 49 refs
Title: An unusual subjacent karst doline at East Buchan, Victoria
Authors: DAVEY, Adrian G ; WHITE, Susan
Published: 1992, Helictite 30(2):41-43
Abstract by author, RM:
A small subjacent karst doline is described which is expressed in
surface outcrop of volcanics overlying limestone. The doline is
close to the fault contact between the karstic and non - karstic
rocks. Stratigraphic inversion resulting from thrusting of the
volcanics over the limestone on an inclined fault plane gives
the unusual result of a surface doline form expressed in rocks
which are older than the underlying karst rocks, solution of
which is responsible for the surface form.
Includes: 1 fig
Title: Radon hazard in caves: a monitoring and management strategy
Authors: LYONS, Ruth G.
Published: 1992, Helictite 30(2):33-40
Abstract by author, RM:
Factors governing the accumulation of radon in caves are discussed.
Preliminary measurements in some Australian caves show levels which
vary by factors of 4 (seasonal) and 75 (diurnal), with the upper
levels approaching recommended maximum exposure levels for some
tourist cave guides.
Includes: 7 figs, 3 tables, 19 refs
Title: Karst geomorphology and biospeleology at Vanishing Falls, South-West Tasmania
Authors: EBERHARD, Rolan ; EBERHARD, Stefan ; WONG, Vera
Published: 1992, Helictite 30(2):25-32
Abstract by author, RM:
A speleological expedition to Vanishing Falls explored a 2.3km long
cave associated with the underground course of the Salisbury River,
and provided the first systematic documentation of karst features
and cave ecology in this remote area. The caves host a fauna
comprising at least 30 taxa, of which probably more than 14 are
troglobitic or stygobiontic. This fauna exhibits a high degree of
troglomorphy, with some species likely to be endemic to the
Vanishing Falls karst.
Includes: maps, figs, surveys
Title: A new topofil
Authors: WARILD, Alan
Published: 1992, Helictite 30(1):20-23
Abstract by author:
A light, compact, reliable instrument for surveying difficult
vertical caves has been a drean of cave surveyors for many years.
The topofil described goes a long way towards fulfilling that ideal,
although there are still problems of availability and user error.
Even so, the author is of the firm opinion that topofils are ideal
for expedition and deep cave surveys.
Includes: 2 figs, 5 refs
Title: Some Coastal Landforms in Aeolian Calcarenite, Flinders Island, Bass Strait
Authors: KIERNAN, Kevin
Published: 1992, Helictite 30(1):11-19
Abstract by RB:
The development of solutional landforms in Pleistocene calcarenite on
Flinders Is. (Tasmania) is described - particularly at Cave Bay and
Fotheringate Bay. Radiometric dating of speleothems indicate that the
cavity in which it formed was in existence during the late Last
Glacial Stage and was invaded by the sea during the Holocene.
Includes: 3 figs, 55 refs
Title: The phototropic phytospeleothems of Moss Palace, Mole Creek, Tasmania
Authors: LICHON, Michael J.
Published: 1992, Helictite 30(1):8-10
Abstract by author:
In Moss Palace, the presence of unusual speleothems further justifies
the conservation of Dogs Head Hill karst
at Mole Creek, Tasmania. A "symbiotic" carbonate deposition and growth of the
moss Distichophyllum microcarpum results in phototropic phytospeleothems,
in the form of fan-shaped erratics.
Includes: 2 plates, 2 figs, 10 refs
Title: A giant Late Pleistocene halite speleothem from Webbs cave, Nullarbor Plain, Southeastern Western Australia
Authors: GOEDE, Albert ; ATKINSON, Tim C. ; ROWE, Peter J.
Published: 1992, Helictite 30(1):3-7
Abstract by authors:
A giant halite stalagmite found in a broken condition, believed
to be tallest recorded anywhere, collected from Webbs Cave, Mundrabilla
area, Nullarbor. Reconstruction showed it had been 2780 mm tall.
Collapse due to water percolating down the side and dissolving
cylindrical hole near base. Analysis of bulk sample indicates
late Pleistocene deposition between 20 and 37 ka. Previous dating
of a small halite speleothem from Webbs Cave showed Holocene period
of halite deposition dated at 2.5 +/- 1.2 ka.
Includes: 2 figs, 1 table, 17 refs
Title: Caves of Eastern Fiji
Authors: NUNN, Patrick, D. ; OLLIER, Cliff ; RAWAICO, N. Bola
Published: 1991, Helictite 29(2):42-47
Abstract by authors:
A number of caves from the islands of Lakeba, Nayau, Namuka and Moce in
the Lau Islands Group, Fiji, are described and mapped for the first
time. Limestone caves appear to be typical of those coral islands.
Geomorphically they reveal that a first phase of cave development was
phreatic, followed by an extended period of vadose development, and some
caves are still active water courses. All the islands indicate uplift
relative to sea level. Minor volcanic caves are found on Moce Island.
Social requirements for cave exploration in Fiji are outlined.
Title: On Natural Cave Markings
Authors: BEDNARIK, Robert G.
Published: 1991, Helictite 29(2):27-41
Abstract by author:
This paper attempts to bring some light into the question of
distinguishing petroglyphs from natural markings in caves, by exploring
the range of the latter. Some types of natural markings resemble simple
linear rock incisions and other forms of petroglyphs. A variety of
natural processes causing cave markings are considered. An evaluation of
their characteristics shows that it should be possible to confidently
identify the cause of parietal markings in the vast majority of cases.
Title: The sulfate speleothems of Thampanna cave, Nullarbor Plain, Australia
Authors: JAMES, Julia M.
Published: 1991, Helictite 29(1):19-23
Abstract by RB:
Examination of gypsum speleothems and chemical analysis of the
cave drip waters (ions to chloride mole ratios, tot. dissolved
solids, nitrate) confirm that the major source of the sulfate in
Thampanna cave (Western Australia) is from seawater transported by rain.
Includes: 4 tables, 2 figs
Title: A geological review of Abercrombie caves
Authors: OSBORNE, R.A.L.
Published: 1991, Helictite 29(1):8-18
Abstract by RB:
Abercrombie caves (near Jenolan, N.S.W.) have developed in metamorphosed
marble forming part of the Upper Silurian Kildrummie Formation.
Geological structure and changes in lithology have strongly
influenced cave development with pyritic thinly bedded units
in the marble being preferentially eroded. The Abercrombie Arch
originated as a through cave in Pliocene times, 4-5 millions years ago.
Includes: 7 figs, location and geological maps, map of Grove cave
Title: The Mount Cripps karst, North Western Tasmania
Authors: SHANNON, Henry ; DUTTON, Bevis ; HEAP, David ; SALT, Frank
Published: 1991, Helictite 29(1):3-7
Abstract by RB:
An Ordovician limestone karst area of 20 sqkm is presented. Characteristics:
a large scale closed depression; a high density of caves formed by autogenic
percolation with limited surface drainage; a polygonal karst terrain.
The evolution of this karst was subject to multiple Pleistocene glaciations.
At present 3 cave systems over 0,5 km in length are known, the deepest cave is -80 m.
Includes: 3 figs
Title: A computer program for 3D cave maps
Authors: WARILD, Alan
Published: 1990, Helictite 28(2):41-45
Abstract by RB:
Capabilities and limitation of Delta Graph, a graphing and drawing
program for MacIntosh are discussed, with examples.
Includes: figs
Title: A preliminary study of lead in cave spider's webs
Authors: JAMES, Julia M. ; GRAY, Michael ; NEWHOUSE, David J.
Published: 1990, Helictite 28(2):37-40
Abstract by RB:
The spider Badumna socialis constructs large communal webs on the
roof of several caves in New South Wales. An increase in the number
of webs containing dead spiders and falling from the Grand Arch
(Jenolan) was observed. One theory is that fumes or lead from the
large number of cars driving through the arch is a contributing
factor. A preliminary study analysing the Pb content of webs in
4 arches and caves does not confirm a lead intoxication.
Includes: 2 tables
Title: Karst water chemistry - Limestone Ranges, Western Australia
Authors: ELLAWAY, M. ; SMITH, D.I. ; GILLIESON, D.S. ; GREENAWAY, M.A.
Published: 1990, Helictite 28(2):25-36
Abstract by RB:
Detailed chemical and physical analyses are presented for 42 karst
waters (springs, groundwater) sampled in the Kimberley region in
northern Western Australia (Devonian Reef complex) during May '88.
A general pattern of physical and chemical effects (e.g. tufa
deposition) was found.
Includes: 5 tables, 3 figs
Title: Bathymetry and origin of Lake Timk, South West Tasmania
Authors: KIERNAN, Kevin
Published: 1990, Helictite 28(1):18-21
Abstract by author:
The bathymetry of Lake Timk suggests that it is a glacially over-deepened rock basin
but one which owes much of its form to preglacial karst processes. Underground drainage
from the lake forms part of an integrated karst conduit system. The lake bed does not
provide the base level of vadose circulation in the karst at the present time
as at least one negotiable cave extends under the lake.
Includes: 3 plates, 3 figs
Title: The changed route of the Grand Arch Stream, Jenolan - more evidence
Authors: SHAW, Trevor
Published: 1990, Helictite 28(1):15-17
Abstract by RB:
Based on historical data from 1879 to 1895.
Includes: 2 plates
Title: The Undara lava tube system and its caves
Authors: ATKINSON, Anne
Published: 1990, Helictite 28(1):3-14
Abstract by RB:
In the lava flow from the Undara volcano, McBride Basalt Province,
North Queensland, more than 61 arches and caves have been discovered
and over 6 km of cave passages has been surveyed; the longest cave
is 1,35 km. The various collapse depressions adjacent to or aligned
with have been also examined. The feature of the caves and arches
are described in detail.
Includes: 13 plates, 6 figs, 2 tables
Title: Cavernicolous Spiders (Arancae) from Undara, Queensland and Cape Range, Western Australia
Authors: Gray, M.R.
Published: 1989, Helictite 27(2):87-89
Abstract by author:
Two small collections of cavernicolous spiders from Undara, N.E. Queensland and Cape
Range, W.A. are compared and their relationships are discussed. Cave adapted species
are recorded for the families Ctenidae, Zodariidae, Nesticidae, Mysmenidae, Anapidae and Desidae.
Includes: 1 table, 6 refs
Keywords: Ctenidae, Zodariidae, Nesticidae, Mysmenidae, Anapidae, Desidae
Title: Drought Damage in a Tasmanian Rainforest on Limestone
Authors: Duncan, Fred; Kiernan, Kevin
Published: 1989, Helictite 27(2):83-86
Abstract by authors:
Widespread but patchily distributed drought death of forest trees occurred in early 1988 on a limestone ridge at Mole Creek in Tasmania. A close juxtaposition of damaged and undamaged vegetation probably reflects differences in the speed of soil moisture decline down the length of individual soil-filled solution tubes in which trees are rooted. Possible palaeoecological, geomorphological and sivicultural implications are briefly reviewed.
Includes: 5 refs
Title: Data Handling Techniques for Cave Survey Processing
Authors: Vaughan-Taylor, Keir
Published: 1989, Helictite 27(2):72-82
Abstract by author:
Survey processing programs require time consuming manual organisation of data, to ensure that processing takes place in a particular order. With appropriate data input techniques, data structures internal to a program and the use of recursive languages the need to order and pre-process data can be eliminated.
Includes: 3 figures, 6 refs
Title: Karst Features in Pleistocene Dunes, Bats Ridges, Western Victoria
Authors: White, Susan
Published: 1989, Helictite 27(2):53-71
Abstract by author:
Karst features occur in Pleistocene aeolian calcarenite dunes at Bats Ridge near Portland, Victoria. The surficial and underground features show that the caves are sinuous shallow systems often with a number of entrances. Passage shape is often modified by collapse. Characteristic features such as speleothems, clastic sediments, solution pipes and foibes are described, especially "moonmilk". Syngenetic karst processes are briefly discussed.
Includes: 6 figures, 4 photos, 45 refs
Keywords: Pleistocene dune karst features, Speleothems, Clastic sediments, Foibes, Solution pipes
Title: Caves of Lukwi - Western Province, Papua New Guinea
Authors: James, Julia M. ; Bonwick, Mark ; Nieuwendyk, Peter ; Martin, David J. ; Pawih, Bernard ; Slade, Martin B. ; Smith, Graeme B.
Published: 1989, Helictite 27(1):13-50
Abstract by authors:
In this paper the caves of Lukwi valley in the Western Province of Papua New Guinea are introduced. The caves were explored in January, May, and June 1985 at the request of Ok Tedi Mining Limited. Seventy seven karst features are described and are located on the surface map of the Lukwi valley. Surveys of the major caves are presented. Descriptions of the caves include geological, geomorphological, hydrological and biological observations. The quality of the Lukwi caves is assessed relative to other known caves in Papua New Guinea.
Includes: 17 figures, 10 photos, 12 refs, 1 appendix
Title: Drainage Evolution in a Tasmanian Glaciokarst
Authors: Kiernan, Kevin
Published: 1989, Helictite 27(1):2-12
Abstract by author:
The intensively glaciated mountains of the Picton Range - Mt. Bobs area in southwestern Tasmania contain prominent karst features that have been developed in carbonate formations of Devonian, Ordovician and possibly Precambrian age. This paper reviews the extent of the karst and glacial features and records the tracing of the underground drainage from the alpine Lake Sydney. Glacial erosion has exposed areas of limestone to karstification and glacial diversion of drainage has played a critical role in the evolution of the present underground drainage patterns. Prior to the late Last Glacial Stage the deflection of marginal meltwaters from the former Farmhouse Creek Glacier against the Burgess - Bobs Saddle led to the development of an underground breach of a major surface drainage divide. Subglacial or submarginal meltwaters associated with a much smaller glacier that developed in the same valley during the late Last Glacial Stage probably played a significant role in the breaching of a minor divide within the Farmhouse Creek catchment. This led to the development of an underground anabranch of Farmhouse Creek that by-passes the glacial Pine Lake. However, it is possible that the latter diversion is entirely Holocene in age and is related to postglacial dilation of the limestone rather than meltwater flows.
Includes: 1 figure, 22 refs
Keywords: Karst Geomorphology, Karst Hydrology, Glacial Geomorphology, Glaciation, Glaciokarstic Drainage Evolution.
Title: Wheres the Histo? Histoplasma in Chillagoe Caves area, North Queensland, Australia.
Authors: Carol, Eileen M.
Published: 1988, Helictite 26(2):26-36
Abstract by author:
Ideal climatic and ecological conditions in many caves in the Chillagoe area suggest the existence of Histoplasma capsulatum. A study in progress proposes to identify those caves that may be reservoirs for the organism, thus presenting a potential health risk for cave visitors. Soil samples collected from caves containing bat and bird (swiftlet) populations are being processed by the Division of Mycotic Diseases, at the Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia. Preliminary results from 15 caves have been negative, thus a more precise technique will be utilised in further collections. Intradermal histoplasmin skin testing of cavers intends to identify the possibility of cave exploration as one source of Histoplasma capsulatum exposure.
Includes: 34 refs
Title: The Geomorphology of the Jenolan Caves Area
Authors: Kiernan, Kevin
Published: 1988 , Helictite 26(2):6-21
Abstract by author:
The Jenolan Caves occur in a small impounded fluviokarst developed in limestone of late Silurian age. This paper reviews present knowledge of the geomorphology of Jenolan. The surface and underground geomorphology has been strongly influenced by the lithology and structure of the limestone and the non-carbonate rocks that surround the karst. There is evidence in the present geomorphology of the inheritance of influences from palaeo landscapes. Abundant surficial and cave sediments reflect slope gradients and climatic conditions that have existed in the past. Despite the very limited size of the limestone outcrop there is a great variety in the karst, including many kilometres of underground passage and a range of cave morphologies and clastic and chemical sediments underground.
Includes: 3 figures, 28 refs
Title: The Source of the Jenolan River
Authors: Kiernan, Kevin
Published: 1988, Helictite 26(1):39-42
Abstract by author:
Geomorphological and Hydrological investigation of un-mapped limestone outcrops and enclosed depressions that occur between North Wiburds Bluff and the headwaters of Bindo Creek has confirmed the presence of significant karst well to the north of the boundary of the Jenolan Caves Reserve and that karst drainage could conceivably breach the Great Dividing Range. The limestone becomes progressively less well dissected northwards with the karst being very subdued at the northern end of the belt. Fluoroscein testing has shown that a streamsink at the southern end of this area drains directly to Central River in Mammoth Cave, and thence to imperial Cave and Blue Lake. This indicates that at least some of the limestone in this area is continuous beneath the surficial covers with the main Northern Limestone rather than being a discrete lens. The situation has important management implications in view of expanding forestry operations in the area since these have the potential to seriously increase the sediment load of waters that pass through wild caves and the Jenolan tourist caves complex.
Includes: 10 refs
Title: Measurement of Small Changes in Pressure of Cave Air Using an Air Barometer
Authors: Halbert, Erik
Published: 1988 , Helictite 26(1):32-38
Abstract by author:
This paper describes an extremely simple form of barometer which is capable
of measuring changes in air pressure of less than five pascals. The principle of
operation, construction and use are described and examples are given of its use
both inside and outside the cave environment.
Includes: 2 tables, 2 figures, 9 refs, 1 appendix
Title: Mangroves, Mountains and Munching Molluscs: The Evolution of a Tropical Coastline
Authors: Kiernan, Kevin
Published: 1988, Helictite 26(1):16-31
Abstract by author:
The highly scenic Andaman coast of peninsular Thailand is locally dominated by steep limestone hills and karst towers that rise from broad alluvial plains, from mangrove swamps or from the sea. The karst terrain stretches north and west across the Malay peninsula to the Gulf of Siam. Some of the variations in the style of this karst have resulted from lithological and structural factors. However, steepening of the slopes by marine erosion at times of formerly high sea levels has probably been important to the development of the most spectacular part of this landscape. Notches and caves cut in limestone towers up to 10-15m above present sea level may represent the maximum transgression of the Last Interglacial. Morphological evidence hints that former shorelines may now lie hundreds of metres above present sea level due to diastrophic movements during the late Cainozoic. However, this evidence is equivocal and it has been argued that similar landforms in neighboring parts of Malaysia may be the result of terrestrial planation processes that operated independent of sea level during the Pleistocene glacial stages.
Includes: 1 figure, 5 photos, 72 refs
Title: An Investigation of the Mechanisms of Calcium Carbonate Precipitation on Straw Speleothems in Selected Karst Caves - Buchan, Victoria.
Authors: Canning, E.
Published: 1988, Helictite 26(1):3-15
Abstract by author:
The relative significance of straw speleothem growth from evaporation and from CO2 degassing was determined in Lilli-Pilli and Moons Caves (Buchan, Victoria) from a seven-month study of cave climate and water chemistry. The relative importance of these two mechanisms was inferred from the calculation of the straw growth rates according to a degassing model and an evaporation model. The modelled straw growth rates from the carbon dioxide degassing model were on hundred to one thousand times those attributable to evaporation.
A third model was used to calculate straw growth rates from the overall supersaturation of the water. Growth rates were found to be within the range of 0.01 to 0.07mm per annum.
Includes: 7 tables, 3 figures, 11 refs
Title: First Responder Care for Cave Accident Victims
Authors: Osborne, R.A.L. ; (read by) Steenson, R.
Published: 1987 , Helictite 25(2):82-87
Abstract by Osborne, R.A.L.:
Although cave accidents are fairly rare events in New South Wales there is
a need for Police, Ambulance and V.R.A. personnel to be aware of the
problems presented by cave rescues and to be able to act should a cave
accident occur. The N.S.W. Cave Rescue Group is available to provide
advice and training in cave rescue and, in the event of an accident taking
place, can be mobilised through the Police Disaster and Rescue Branch.
Like most members of the caving community, the Cave Rescue Group is a
largely Sydney based organisation and its response time for an authentic
call out is likely to be between 3 to 5 (or even more) hours. In the event
of a cave accident there will be a delay of at least an hour before initial
reporting, (members of the victim's party must leave the cave and summon help,
or a party is reported overdue). As caving areas are some distance from
major centres the first responders are not likely to reach the accident
scene in less than two hours after the accident has taken place. With some
N.S.W. cave areas it is reasonable to assume that an accident victim may be
24 hours or more away from first responder care.
It is vital that the first responders to a cave accident are aware of the
type of acre required by cave accident victims and of the hazards that caves present.
Title: Wilderness Myths and Australian Caves
Authors: Hamilton-Smith, Elery
Published: 1987, Helictite 25(2):68-73
Abstract by author:
Beyond a preliminary discussion of some of the basic issues in the writing of
any history, the paper looks at what might be called 'Wilderness Myths' of
Australian caves. Any wild place generates myths, and Australian caves have
their share of these, which constitute the 'folk history' of caving areas
(and often that of cave guides). It is argued that these are more-or-less
systematic and are not simply the result of error or simple exaggeration in
transmitting the story.
Examples include myths about bottomless pits, blind fish, aboriginal-white
conflict, bushrangers and popular heroes of cave discoveries (along with the
interesting result that non-heroes are neglected or even completely forgotten).
Wilderness myths present two issues to the would-be historian : what actual
events contributed to them and what does their evolution as myths mean?
Includes: 1 table, 18 refs
Title: In Cave Oxidation of Organic Carbon and the Occurrence of Rainwater Inflow Cave Systems in the Seasonally Arid Lowland Tropics
Authors: Williamson, Kerry A.
Published: 1987, Helictite 25(2):61-67
Abstract by author:
Recent studies have shown that in cave oxidation of organic carbon can play a
significant role in cave initiation and development. The production and flux of
organic carbon in different seasonally arid and tropical karsts and in perpetually
humid tropical karst is described, with particular consideration of the role of
large particle size organic carbon. The model developed is used to explain the
extent of rainwater inflow cave development and the apparent scarcity of such
forms in the perpetually humid tropics plus arrested development in the
seasonally arid sub-tropics.
Includes: 2 figures, 2 tables, 31 refs
Keywords: Seasonally arid tropical karst, less vegetated seasonally arid karst, pinnacled and griked karsts of the perpetually humid tropics
Title: 1987 S.U.S.S. Expedition to Mt. Anne
Authors: Hobbs, Derek ; Larkin, Patrick
Published: 1987, Helictite 25(2):59-60
Abstract by authors:
Sydney University Speleological Society (S.U.S.S.) is running a three week, 15 person
expedition to the Mt. Martha area in Tasmania. Th expedition began on January 4th, 1987.
Includes: 1 ref
Title: The Australian Speleological Expeditions to Thailand 1985-1986
Authors: Dunkley, John ; Kiernan, Kevin
Published: 1987, Helictite 25(2):58
Abstract by authors:
Two expeditions of 6 and 10 persons plus local logistical support visited Thailand in May
1985 and April-May 1986. A total of about 12km of new cave was discovered and over 20km
of surveying carried out. The two longest caves on the mainland of South-East Asia,
Tham Nam Mae Lena and Tham Nam Lang each reached 8.4km. These two caves aggregate 14km of
superb stream passage, exploration of which was undertaken and some significant
archaeological sites requiring further investigation were located.
During the period 1983-1986 six expeditions visited the previously unreported karst
and caves of Nam Khong basin in north-west Thailand. Two of these were moderately
large endeavours: in 1985 six cavers spent 9 days in the field, in 1986 10 members
were 18 days in the north-west and a further 10 in central and South Thailand.
Exploration and surveying has been the main theme of the expeditions. About 100
caves have been explored, and a total of nearly 26km of caves surveyed. A scientific
research program commenced in 1986, covering geology, geomorphology and archaeology
and we expect this to continue in future years. One paper has been published, three
more are in press or preparation, and we have completed a 62-page report on the expedition.
Title: The Restoration of the Jewel Casket, Yallingup Cave, W.A.
Authors: Poulter, Norman
Published: 1987, Helictite 25(2):54-57
Abstract by author:
During the September school holidays 1985, vandals extensively damaged the
Jewel Casket, one of the centre-pieces of the Yallingup tourist cave. Some
of the broken pieces were stolen. This paper describes the restoration of
the remaining pieces.
Title: Mount Etna Caves: The Fight to Save Mount Etna Caves from Limestone Mining
Authors: Vavryn, Josef M. C.
Published: 1987, Helictite 25(2):47-50
Abstract by author:
This treatise is a record of the dates and events, heavily condensed, of the history
of Mount Etna since The Caves area was first settled. I hope to show that since
the fight to save Mount Etna was first joined, seriously, in 1964 or there about,
that the Central Queensland Company and the Queensland Government has had no
intention to voluntarily release Mount Etna from limestone mining. Even in
the event that conservationists took the Queensland Government to court, the
Government had plans prepared to counter such. That was clearly shown when the government rescinded the Recreation Reserve, R444, on Mount Etna and refused to give a fiat to prosecute the Government. The next event, the passing of a law stating that any mining lease inadvertently granted illegally will now stand and be legal, was aimed at the mining lease granted illegally including Mount Etna. At this point in time there is very little that is being done to save Mount Etna. I hope that this paper will create new interest and revive the flagging "Fight to Save Mount Etna", with input from ASF member societies and individuals. If the treatise does not have the desired effect of renewing interest in the fight, and if the Central Queensland Cement Co. Pty. Ltd. Starts mining the main cavernous northern face of Mount Etna, the next ASF conference, or possibly the following, will have a "Letter of Requiem" read to them. If the Australian Public can save the "Gordon-below-Franklin" area and the "Lindeman Island National Park", surely something can be done for Mount Etna.
Includes: 2 refs
Title: The Cleanup of Weebubbie Cave
Authors: Poulter, Norman
Published: 1987, Helictite 25(2):43-46
Abstract by author:
For many years Weebubbie Cave had been used as a water resource.
This utilisation ceased somewhere around 1984.
Although the active pump and piping were removed, the debris of previous exploiters
remained. The description is given of the methods employed to remove the debris
based on experience gained from an earlier cleanup in the Yallingup tourist cave.
Weebubbie Cave 6N-2 is a large collapse doline located on the Hampton Tableland of
the vast Nullabor Plain some 14km north of Eucla near the Western Australian border.
The region is arid with an average rainfall of 125mm per year, although it has been
known to fall (all) in one day. With summer temperatures sometimes reaching to 50
degree C, water is essential for survival. The predominating vegetation of saltbush
and bluebush is well suited as stock feed.
Title: Sport and Scout Caving - The Present Dilemma
Authors: Crabb, Evalt
Published: 1987, Helictite 25(2):39-42
Abstract by author:
This paper traces the evolution of organised caving as a post World War 2 phenomenon,
and the changes in practice and attitude that have occurred. These practices are
contrasted against stated behavioural codes.
Parallel to this, the development of caving as a scouting activity is discussed,
with reference to the general principles and practices of scouting.
The author has been working toward evolving policies and practices within scouting
which are consistent with the needs of conservation and the underlying philosophies
of scouting. Implementation of these attitudes in one area is fully detailed,
with some comment on the success and acceptability of the program. This training
program is contrasted against the foreshadowed N.S.W. Branch Policy on Rock-Related Activities.
The sequential discussion highlights some weaknesses within clubs and A.S.F.,
particularly in our methods of communication. There are no firm proposals, but
possible directions for future discussions are indicated.
It is the intention of this paper to give a historical perspective to some of
the present perceived conflicts; in reality, the only conflict is between our
oft-expressed aim of conservation of caves (i.e. safeguard the karst heritage of
Australia), and our visible activity - use of caves for recreational activity.
Both the intensity of expression of our concern, and lessening of self-constraint
on recreational activity have greatly magnified with time; we are fast approaching
a 'crossroads' scenario where our credibility is at great risk.
Title: Deposition of Tufa on Ryans and Stockyard Creeks, Chillagoe Karst, North Queensland: The Role of Evaporation
Authors: Dunkerley, D. L.
Published: 1987, Helictite 25(1):30-35
Abstract by author:
A spring which feeds Ryans and Stockyard Creeks west of Cillagoe, was
examined in order to understand the circumstances producing extensive
deposits of tufa in the stream channels. The spring water was found to
be of considerable hardness (300 ppm total carbonates) and to emerge
only very slightly supersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate,
but undersaturated with respect to dolomite. Both saturation levels
rose very rapidly during the first 150 m of subaerial flow, as did pH
and water temperature. In contrast to the reported behaviour of other
limestone springs, carbonate hardness at this site does not decrease
monotonically downstream, but rather locally undergoes significant
increases. In particular, magnesium hardness at 1 km downstream is
more than 4 times its value at the spring. These phenomena are explained
in terms of evaporative concentration of the dissolved carbonates and in
terms of possible chemical changes associated with the mixture of waters
having contrasting characteristics at channel and pool sites along the streams.
Includes: 2 figures, 1 table, 10 refs
Title: Observations on the Buchan Karst During High Flow Conditions
Authors: Finlayson, Brian ; Ellaway, Mark
Published: 1987, Helictite 25(1):21-29
Abstract by authors:
In late July 1984 heavy rain at Buchan in East Gippsland produced widespread
flooding and activated the dry valley network and vadose cave system on the
Buchan limestones. The heavy rainfall was caused by the movement southwards
along the New South Wales coast of a low pressure centre which originated in
southeast Queensland. Intensity - frequency - duration analysis of the
rainfall event indicates that while the 24 hour fall on the day the flooding
occurred had a recurrence interval of only 1.75 years, the 96 hour and the
120 hour duration had recurrence intervals of 3.8 and 8.0 years respectively.
The flood peak in the Buchan River had a recurrence interval of 4.3 years.
These analyses indicate that the dry valleys and vadose cave systems are
hydrologically active quite frequently under present climatic conditions.
Water quality observations were made on surface streams and springs in the
Buchan area during the flood and the results are compared with similar data
collected under low flow conditions.
Includes: 5 figures, 3 tables, 15 refs
Title: An Annotated Speleological Bibliography of Oceania
Authors: Bourke, R. Michael
Published: 1987, Helictite 25(1):3-20
Abstract by author:
A preliminary annotated speleological bibliography is presented for Oceania.
The region covered extends from Irian Jaya (Indonesia) in the west to the
Galapagos Islands (Equador) in the east. There are 268 references given
from the following countries and territories: Antarctica, Belau, Cook Islands,
Easter Island, Fiji, French Polynesia, Galapagos Island, Guam, Irian Jaya,
Marian Islands, New Caledonia, Niue, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Western
Samoa, Wallis and Futuna.
Includes: 1 figure, 2 tables, 268 refs
Title: The Historical Construction of Naracoorte Caves
Authors: Hamilton-Smith, Elery
Published: 1986, Helictite 24(1&2):60-64
Abstract by author:
This paper will focus upon the role of Reddan and Leitch, who between them were responsible for some 59 years of the first 62 years of cave management at Naracoorte. Those who seek a more comprehensive narrative of events, both prior to the first reservation and since, should consult the Draft Management Plan document (S.A. : National Parks and Wildlife Service, 1986).
Includes: 2 photos, 5 refs
Title: Themes in Prehistory of the Nullarbor Caves, Semi-Arid Southern Australia
Authors: Davey, Adrian
Published: 1986, Helictite 24(1&2):53-59
Abstract by author:
The 200,000 square kilometre Nullarbor Plain is a largely and relatively inhospitable tract of semi-arid land on the southern coast of Australia. It is also one of the world's largest and probably oldest karst landscapes. It contains a substantial number of caves, some of them very large.
The sheer size of the plain together with its lack of surface water have made it a powerful ecological, physical and psychological barrier to the dispersal of evolving plants and animals and to human trade, settlement and communications.
Because the plain is otherwise easily perceived as featureless, the more obvious of the caves have played an unusually prominent part in human exploration and occupation of the region.
Aboriginal prehistory of cave exploration and use extends over many millenia. Two themes are especially interesting: quarrying underground as one of the earliest, and the role of water and shade in an inhospitable environment as the most persistent.
The advent of European, Afghan and other cultures on this part of the southern coastline during the last four centuries has diversified the relevant historic themes. Victorian British discovery and exploration is the first stage in modern recognition of the caves, although long after the region was first discovered. The next and perhaps most remarkable phase brings together developments in Australian aviation and the adaptation of a grounded mariner to the land and air. Eventually the action moves on to the development of organised speleology.
Other sub-themes in human interactions with the caves in this large waterless area include what may turn out to be either art or vandalism. They also include attempted grand solutions to the problem of water, by improbable engineering, as well as adventures of tourism, recreation and science.
Includes: 1 figure, 1 photo, 44 refs
Title: The History of Wombeyan Caves 1828-1985
Authors: Chalker, Mike ; Nurse, B. S.
Published: 1986, Helictite 24(1&2):47-52
Abstract by authors:
It is possible that the Wombeyan area was known to squatters before its first recorded discovery by white men in 1828. It was certainly known to the aboriginal tribe of the area, and had a place in its dreamtime. The Arch and surrounding area would be regarded as a sacred site if any of the aboriginal tribe were alive today.
Includes: 1 figure, 1 photo
Title: An Introduction to Abercrombie Caves Resort
Authors: Treharne, M.J.
Published: 1986, Helictite 24(1&2):43-46
Abstract by authors:
Abercrombie Caves Resort is located near Trunk Road 54 South (Bathurst/Goulburn Road). The turn-off to the Caves may be found 71 kilometres South from Bathurst and 22 kilometres North of Goulburn.
Includes: 1 figure
Title: Paleontological Studies at Wellington Caves N.S.W.
Authors: Augee, Michael L.
Published: 1986, Helictite 24(1&2):40-42
Abstract by author:
There is no evidence that Aboriginal Australians entered or used Wellington Caves. However
the very first record of the caves by European Man, a drawing made by Augustus Earle in
1826 or 1827, illustrates aboriginals just outside the entrance to Cathedral Cave.
That may of course simply be artistic embellishment, and it is not absolutely certain
that the picture is Cathedral Cave entrance as Earle refers to it as "Mosman's Cave in
the Wellington Valley". No other use of that name is known. So credit for the first
reference to Wellington Caves is usually given to the explorer Hamilton Hume from an
entry in his diary for December 1828. The first reference to the rich fossil deposits
in the Wellington Cave System appeared shortly thereafter in the form of a letter to the
Sydney Gazette dated 25 May 1830 from Mr George Rnaken of Bathurst (Lane and Richards
1963). Shortly thereafter Rnaken accompanied the colonial surveyor, Major Thomas
Mitchell, to the Wellington Valley arriving in July 1830. Mitchell, realising the
scientific value of the fossils, sent collections to Europe in 1830 and 1831.
There they were examined by the leading scientists of the time, including Richard
Owen in London and colleagues of Cuvier in Paris (the Baron having died in 1892)
(Lane and Richards 1963, Foster, 1936). Modern paleontologists, beset by postal
strikes and delays of several years in publication can take no joy from the fact
that fossils from Wellington Caves, excavated in the second half of 1830, had been
received in Europe, examined and referred to by Lyell in his classic "Principles of
Geography" in 1833!
Includes: 1 photo, 7 refs
Title: Early History of Yarrangobilly Caves
Authors: Bilton, Gary
Published: 1986, Helictite 24(1&2):31-39
Abstract by author:
To present my first ever paper to the first-ever seminar of spelean history in Australia is indeed a daunting, but challenging task. Present knowledge is scattered, to say the least, however it is my aim to present what is known from present resources with regard to the early history, and to reproduce some of the earliest photographs and maps of the area, some of which have never before been published. Hopefully this will provide impetus for a more systematic and detailed approach to future historical research on Yarrangobilly Caves.
The history of the human occupation of Yarrangobilly Caves probably goes back thousands of years with increasing evidence of Aboriginal use becoming apparent. The Caves have been known to Europeans for around 150 years but the history of the early years is far from clear.
Includes: 1 figure, 5 photos, 26 refs
Title: Louis Guymer - Bungonia Caves First Cave Guide
Authors: Ellis, Ross ; Nurse, Ben
Published: 1986, Helictite 24(1&2):25-30
Abstract by authors:
The caves are 9km from Bungonia Village which is 32km from Goulburn or 16km from Marulan and
are situated on a plateau bounded by the Shoalhaven River and Bungonia Creek. Bungonia Caves
were originally in Bungonia Caves Reserve administered by the N.S.W. Dept. of Lands.
In 1974 the Reserve became Bungonia State Recreation Area. In 1980 all State Recreation
Areas were transferred to the National Parks and Wildlife Service. The area is administered
by a Trust responsible to the Minister for Planning and Development.
Includes: 1 figure, 1 photo, 44 refs
Title: Jenolan Caves - Heritage and History
Authors: Dunkley, John R.
Published: 1986, Helictite 24(1&2):21-24
Abstract by author:
My aim today is not to talk about the history of Jenolan Caves as such, but rather to suggest the contribution an understanding of its history can make to the heritage significance of Jenolan, what part can it play in attracting visitors and making their visit worthwhile. There are some implications here for those of you interested in the history of other cave areas.
I would like to start by reading the first few sentences in the official guidebook to Jenolan Caves :
"Jenolan Caves is Australia's show-place and premier tourist resort of its kind. It is a wild, yet easily and pleasantly accessible spot found in a forest and mountain reserve, and its limestone cave scenery is the best that can be found in a country richly endowed with caves ... the caves are visited by many thousands of tourists each year and have a record of steady progress in fame and popularity that can be accounted for only by great merit".
Well, what is it that makes for this great merit? Ask an average member of the public, even an environmentally conscious one, and the reply would most likely emphasise Jenolan's great beauty and magnificence.
Includes: 1 photo
Title: Aspects of the Musical History of Jenolan Caves
Authors: Targett, Warren
Published: 1986, Helictite 24(1&2):20
Abstract by author:
The acoustic quality of caves has always led people to use them for the performance of sacred or secular music. The earliest record of music at Jenolan is that of J. C. Millard, who wrote that his party "camped in the largest cave, sang a few hymns... and early next morning arose and sang the doxology" (Millard, 1858). However music must have been performed there prior to that since the Bathurst Free Press reported in 1856 that a dancing platform had been erected in the Grand Arch. Trickett (1905) however gave the date of installation of the dance floor as 1869. This was in regular use until the end of the century (Harvard, 1936) when the improved amenities of the guest house rendered it redundant. A poster of 1898 gives evidence of 'Smoke Concerts' held in the Grand Arch, with local employees providing the entertainment.
The Cathedral Cave was reputedly consecrated as a place of worship in the 1880s by Bishop Barry, Anglican Primate of the colony. Since then it has been used by various denominations for divine services. This cave was also sometimes used for live broadcasts of 'Radio Sunday School' on radio station 2GB in the 1930s and 1940s. Performers included Albert Boyd, a popular light baritone, and the Lithgow Brass Band.
From about 1910 until the end of the 1940s musical performances were common at Caves House, with resident musicians employed on a permanent basis to play light music during meals and after dinner to provide dance music in the Ballroom. Many entertainments were organised which were attended by both staff and guests. This came to an end in the 1950s, and for 20 years live music became a rarity at Jenolan. Inspection parties visiting the Cathedral Cave had commonly been invited to sing, but in the 1950s this tradition was dropped, and instead a remote controlled record player was installed in the cavern. The recordings played were generally of a religious character. This equipment, in a state of disrepair, was finally removed in 1979.
In the late 1960s the Smoke Concerts in the Grand Arch were revived, but were abandoned in 1974 after disruption by hooligan elements. However social concerts and dances continued in Caves House. In 1983 the regular engagement of musicians began again, and live music shows are now a regular feature on Saturday nights. Occasional concerts are once more taking place in the Grand Arch. Religious services and Masonic ceremonies have taken place in the caverns. Music is once again part of the Jenolan experience.
Includes: 2 refs
Title: Spelean History in Australia; A Preliminary Review
Authors: Hamilton-Smith, Elery
Published: 1986, Helictite 24(1&2):13-19
Abstract by author:
The first ever seminar on spelean history in this country constitutes something of a milestone, and so this paper is written as a state-of-the-art review of what has happened and is happening in Australian speleo-history. Hopefully, others will be able to add important data which are at present unknown to me. I would also hope that the near future will see enough further study to make this paper out of date anyway.
Includes: 76 refs
Title: The History of Cave Studies
Authors: Shaw, Trevor R.
Published: 1986, Helictite 24(1&2):3-12
Abstract by author:
The purpose of this paper is to set the overall scene for those that follow. Its aim is to
provide a context for the ones dealing specifically with cave work in Australia.
It examines the ways in which cave studies have developed elsewhere in the world,
in different circumstances and under different constraints.
There is not space here to consider the growth of ideas on speleogenesis, karst
hydrology, the formation of speleothems, and the more 'scientific' aspects of the
subject (Shaw, 1979). Discussion is therefore limited to progress in cave exploration
and recording. Also, because of its impact on the serious study of caves, the growth
of the general public's awareness of caves is touched upon. Interest in caves and the
amount known about them has increased like so many things at an increasing rate,
largely because after a certain stage existing knowledge aided subsequent work.
For many centuries though, indeed for most of recorded history, this use of previous
knowledge did not occur and explorations if they took place at all, were sporadic.
It is convenient to divide cave history into four periods:
a) the prehistory of cave exploration : to c.1000 B.C.
b) isolated expeditions : c.1000 B.C. - c.1650 A.D.
c) explorations making use of published information : c.1650 - 1878
d) explorations by cave societies : 1879 - date
Includes: 2 figures, 8 photos, 49 refs
Title: Abstract: Diving at Cocklebiddy Cave
Authors: Allum, Ron
Published: 1985, Helictite 23(2):59
Abstract by author:
Cocklebiddy Cave (Western Australia) lies 200km west of the South Australian border on the Nullarbor Plain. It is mostly waterfilled and represents the world's longest cave dive. In September1982 an Australian diving expedition had increased the known length to 4.3km. This was extended to 5.85km in 1983 by the French expedition led by F. Leguen, using motorised underwater scooters and lightweight equipment. The French party regarded the prospects for further extension as poor, since the hitherto wide passage had become rather constricted.
The following month, October 1983, a team consisting of Hugh Morrison, Ron Allum and Peter Rogers with 11 supporting divers made a further attempt on the cave using only manual power. They established a camp at Toad Hall, a large air-filled chamber 4.3km into the cave, and dived from there to the constriction which had stopped the French team. From this point Hugh Morrison continued using only one air cylinder, and continued a further 240m. He was stopped only by shortage of air. The explored length of Cocklebiddy now stands at 6.09km, and the only barrier of further exploration is the logistic problem of carrying air cylinders through the constriction.
(The full text of this paper is in Australian Caver No.109, pp 2-5, "Cocklebiddy, Australia - World's Longest Cave Dive")
Title: Abstract: Benua Cave, Keriaka Plateau, Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Wood, Ian D.
Published: 1985, Helictite 23(2):59
Abstract by author:
Benua Cave is situated in the Keriaka Limestone plateau above the west coast of
Bougainville Island. It was first reported by pilots during World War II and
first visited speleologically by Fred Parker in 1963. The North Solomons Cave
Exploration Group made a three day visit to the cave in order to make an accurate
survey. The cave consists of a single chamber, 470m along its longest length
with a maximum width of 150m and height of 170m. A river estimated at 3 m3.s-1
rises at the foot of a 100m sheer wall and flows out of the entrance. The
cave contains an 18m tall stalagmite of impressive proportions. Side passages
can be seen at high level but would require mechanical aids to reach.
(The full text of this paper will appear in Australian Caver)
Title: Abstract: Anglo-Australian Expedition to the Gunnung Sewu Karst, Java, Indonesia
Authors: Tyson, Wayne
Published: 1985, Helictite 23(2):59
Abstract by author:
In August 1984, six members of the Western Australia Speleological Group joined six
members of the Kingswood Caving Group (U.K.) in Java, and with the assistance of the
Federation of Indonesian Speleological Activities explored and mapped approximately
20km of cave passage in a period of three weeks.
Many large river passages were found and a fair mixture of vertical and horizontal
systems. The highlight of the expedition was the discovery of Luwang Jaran (Horse
Pot) which was surveyed for 11km with many leads still going. This is now the longest
cave in Indonesia. Six other caves over 1km long were found.
The potential for further exploration in Java is enormous, despite bureaucratic
difficulties. A return expedition is planned for 1983.
Title: Abstract: Water Tube Levelling
Authors: Smith, N. I.
Published: 1985, Helictite 23(2):58
Abstract by author:
Vertical relationships within predominantly horizontal cave systems have traditionally been determined by measuring vertical angles with a clinometer. However, this system can lead to large errors over long traverses. It is unsuitable for purposes such as determining relative levels in superimposed passage systems where there is no short connecting path.
The principle of levelling using a water-filled tube is well known - the water surfaces at the two ends of the tube will assume the same level when the tube is open to the atmosphere. A number of refinements to the apparatus are necessary to make the system practical for cave surveying. This paper described the levelling equipment developed by the Cave Exploration Group of South Australia and reports on some of the practical experience gained with it in Mullamullang Cave, 6N-37.
(The full text of this paper is in Australian Caver No. 109, pp 10-13)
Title: Caving Potential of Australian Aeolian Calcarenite
Authors: White, Susan
Published: 1985, Helictite 23(2):56-58
Abstract by author:
Although Australia is limited in karst areas by world standards, the extensive areas of aeolian calcarenite (dune limestone) are often ignored by cavers. This paper describes the distribution and characteristics of aeolian calcarenite karst in Australia and discusses its caving potential.
Includes: 1 figure, 6 refs
Title: Australian Aquatic Cavernicolous Amphipods
Authors: Knott, Brenton
Published: 1985, Helictite 23(2):51-55
Abstract by author:
The purpose of this paper is to acquaint speleologists with preliminary results of recent researches into the amphipodan fauna from aquatic ecosystems of Australian caves, with particular reference to Western Australia. Attention is focussed particularly on the systematic and zoogeographic significance of this fauna.
Includes: 19 refs
Title: Cave to Surface Communications
Authors: Allum, Ron
Published: 1985, Helictite 23(2):46-50
Abstract by author:
The reasons for needing a cave to surface communication system are many, including safety, search and rescue, surveying, science, exploration and commentary. Ideally a unit should be lightweight, portable, robust, easy to operate, have adequate range and be able to communicate speech intelligibly in both directions.
The unit described here was designed specifically for use on the 1983 Cocklebiddy Cave expedition. When considering design parameters for a communication system there are many limitations, but in a cave as large as Cocklebiddy these can be less of a restriction.
The unit as used does not meet all of the above criteria as an ideal system for all caves, but it worked well in Cocklebiddy Cave, conveying our speech intelligibly with tolerable noise and interference levels.
Includes: 7 figures, 2 refs
Title: Survey and Mapping Techniques at Chillagoe, North Queensland
Authors: Smith, Neil I.
Published: 1985, Helictite 23(2):39-45
Abstract by author:
Some characteristics of the Chillagoe Caves in North Queensland are briefly described and a short history is given of the types of survey and mapping work performed. "Perimeter Surveys" around the karst towers are important contributions to speleology in the area. The reasons for this are discussed, and some work done in 1983 using theodolite techniques is described. A worthwhile improvement in accuracy has been achieved. Some examples of recent maps are included.
Includes: 4 figures, 2 refs
Title: A Survey Data Reduction Program Aid for Radio Direction Finding Work
Authors: Martin, D. J.
Published: 1985, Helictite 23(1):27-32
Abstract by author:
A computer program that calculates the horizontal distance, magnetic bearing and difference in elevation between the current point on a survey traverse and a specified end point is described. It has been designed to assist in the survey location of surface points designated for radio direction finding work in difficult terrain. The program has been adapted from a conventional cave survey data reduction program and is suitable for field use on a hand-held microcomputer.
Includes: 4 figures, 4 refs
Title: Histoplasmosis and Australian Cave Environments
Authors: Harden, T. J. ; Hunt, P. J.
Published: 1985, Helictite 23(1):23-26
Abstract by authors:
Histoplasma Capsulatum is a fungus which is the causative agent of histoplasmosis, a disease of worldwide distribution. The prevalence of this disease and its manifestation in clinical cases of disease in humans are described. The association of this fungus with dung enriched soil is discussed, particularly in relation to caves which are frequented by colonial bats. Histoplasma capsulatum has been associated on several occasions with the respiratory form of Histoplasmosis in Australia but has only been isolated from the Church Cave. It is suggested that although Histoplasma capsulatum in Australia has been found in association with only Miniopterus schreibersii, other genera of bats may also harbour this fungus.
Includes: 25 refs
Title: Karst and Caves of the Nam Lang - Nam Khong Region, North Thailand
Authors: Dunkley, John
Published: 1985, Helictite 23(1):3-22
Abstract by author:
The Nam Lang - Nam Khong Karst Region, located in a thinly populated, remote part of Mae Hong Son Province, north-west Thailand, comprises about 1,000km2 of massive Permian limestone. Over much of the area is developed a characteristic polygonal karst dominated by over 3,000 depressions, with an assemblage of forms including dolines, uvalas, poljes, streamsinks, through caves, springs and blind valleys.
Speleological exploration commenced only in 1983 and the major discovery is the Tham Nam Lang, the longest cave reported on the mainland of south-east Asia with nearly 7km of passages. Cave development is strongly influenced by regional strike and fault orientation and by base level incision into impermeable sediments underlying the limestone. The largest caves are formed where aggressive water collects on impervious rocks before entering the limestone. Elsewhere cave development is limited. Several caves are important archaeological sites, and a number have tourist potential.
Includes: 6 figures, 2 tables, 6 photos, 27 refs
Title: Spider Cave, Jenolan - A Fault Controlled System
Authors: Cox, Guy ; Welch, Bruce
Published: 1984, Helictite 22(2):43-53
Abstract by authors:
Spider Cave is an influent cave, representing one stage in the progressive capture of the surface flow of the Jenolan River by a cave system. It consists principally of a rarely-active inlet passage, largely of phreatic form, which descends to join the large passage carrying the Jenolan Underground River. Both the position and the form of the inlet passage have been strongly influenced by the presence of a fault, which has also influenced the course of the surface river, and given rise to a large cliff - Frenchmans Bluff. The fault-line has also affected the development of the main underground riverway.
Includes: 3 figures, 8 photos, 12 refs
Title: Determination of the Causes of Air Flow in Coppermine Cave, Yarrangobilly
Authors: Michie, N. A.
Published: 1984, Helictite 22(1):21-30
Abstract by author:
Observations of air flow through Coppermine Cave, Yarrangobilly, are reported. A model is presented of the cave as a two entrance system with air flow dominated by air density differentials with little sensitivity to surface wind. The measurement technique and data analysis are described.
Includes: 22 figures, 18 refs
Title: A Preliminary Survey of Water Chemistry in the Limestone of the Buchan Area Under Low Flow Conditions
Authors: Ellaway, Mark ; Finlayson, Brian
Published: 1984, Helictite 22(1):11-20
Abstract by authors:
Water samples from selected sites in the Buchan area were collected on two different
occasions (survey 1 and survey 2) in an preliminary attempt to characterise the
samples taken in terms of chemical composition. Chemical constituents such as Ca++,
Mg++, and titration alkalinity (as mg/l CaCO3) varied considerably and ranged from
9.0 - 187.0 mg/l, 2.5 - 43.3 mg/l and 27 - 417 mg/l (survey 1) and 3.5 - 188.7 mg/l,
3.5 - 40.0 mg/l and 44 - 424 mg/l (survey 2) respectively. This range in values is
attributed to the differing lithology of the sample sites chosen and reflects the
geological control on water chemistry of karst landscapes. A computer program for
determining equilibrium speciation of aqueous solutions was used to calculate partial
pressure of carbon dioxide and saturation indices with respect to calcite and dolomite.
Includes: 1 figure, 6 tables, 2 surveys, 19 refs
Title: The Origin of the Kelly Hill Caves, Kangaroo Island, S.A.
Authors: Hill, A. L.
Published: 1984, Helictite 22(1):6-10
Abstract by author:
The Kelly Hill caves in soft, homogenous, extremely porous dune limestone differ markedly in morphology from those in the more usual, dense, bedded limestones. Solution occurs at depth with great lateral spread through swamps overflowing into the base of the hill. Development occurs by roof breakdown as areas of solution become so large that the roof cannot support the weight; a theory of the mechanics is presented. Domes and tunnels of collapse rise above the watertable; at maturity there are isolated infalls from the surface. Water percolating down from the surface only builds secondary calcite deposits.
Includes: 4 figures, 5 refs
Title: Prediction of Climatic Temperature Data for Karst Areas in the Central and Southern Tablelands of New South Wales
Authors: Halbert, Erik J. M.
Published: 1983, Helictite 21(2):55-63
Abstract by author:
The use of multiple regression analysis is shown to overcome current limitations in availability of climatic temperature data for caving sites in the Central and Southern Tablelands of New South Wales. The developed equations are used to calculate climatic data for Jenolan, Wellington, and Oberon which agree well with recorded data at these sites. The equations are also used to calculate data for six major caving areas in New South Wales, including the tourist areas Wombeyan and Yarrangobilly and frequently visited areas such as Bungonia and Wee Jasper.
Includes: 4 figures, 5 tables, 12 refs
Title: Further Studies At The Blue Waterholes, Cooleman Plain, N.S.W., 1969-77, Part II, Water Chemistry And Discussion
Authors: Jennings, J.N.
Published: 1983, Helictite 21(2):35-54
Abstract by author:
The 1969-77 data confirm that groundwater temperature is significantly higher than air temperature at mean catchment altitude but provide only partial support for an explanation in terms of soil temperature and insulation of drainage from cold air ponding over the Plain. Higher pH of output than input streams is attributed mainly to percolation water chemistry.
Water chemistry of two contrasted input streams suggests non-karst rock weathering has an important effect on allogenic input streams.
An inverse relationship between carbonate hardness and output discharge is found again and attributed mainly to faster transit through the limestone at high flows. Summer has a steeper regression than winter due to precipitation and high flows depressing carbon dioxide and carbonate concentrations more in that season than in winter.
Picknett graphs show how solutional capacity varies through the hydrologic system, with aggressive input streams, mainly saturated percolation water, and rarely saturated output springs because of the allogenic component in the last.
The total carbonate load of Cave Creek is directly related to discharge, with little seasonal difference so the annual regression is chosen for later calculation.
When the carbonate load duration curve and frequency classes for Cave Creek are compared with those for other karsts, it falls into an intermediate class in which neither very high nor low flows dominate the pattern. This is attributed to a combination of a large allogenic input with a complex routing pattern.
Consideration of most input stream solute concentration on one occasion indicates such close dependence on catchment geology that doubt is cast on the smallness of the 1965-9 allocation of carbonate contribution from non-karst rock weathering to the allogenic input.
This is explained by new CSIRO rainfall chemistry figures from the Yass R. catchment which are smaller than those used before and by elimination of a previous error in calculation. This time subtraction of atmospheric salts is done on a daily basis with a decaying hyperbolic function.
Correction of Cave Creek output for allogenic stream input follows the method adopted in 1965-9 but on a firmer basis, with the assumption of approximately equal water yeild per unit area from the non-karst and karst parts of the catchment being more factually supported than before. It remains a substantial correction.
The correction for subjacent karst input to Cave Creek is also improved by putting the calculation in part on a seasonal basis; it remains small.
The exposed solute load output shows the same seasonal pattern as was determined earlier, with a winter/spring maximum, and it again evinced much variation from year to year. So did annual rates. The mean annual loss of 29 B was slightly greater than for 1965-9. If this difference is real and not an experimental error, the reduced allowance for atmospheric salts and greater annual rainfall in the second period could explain the increase. This erosion rate of 29 B from an annual runoff of about 400mm places this karst where it would be expected in the world pattern of similar determinations in terms of both runoff and its proximity to the soil covered/bare karst dichotomy of Atkinson and Smith (1976).
Combined with the other work at Cooleman Plain on erosion at specific kinds of site, an estimate of the spatial distribution of the limestone solution is presented. It agrees well with the similar attempt for Mendip by Atkinson and Smith (1976), when allowance is made for certain differences in method and context. The main conclusions are the great role of solution in the superficial zone and the unimportance of the contribution from caves.
Conflict between this process study and the geomorphic history of Cooleman Plain remains and once again an explanation is sought in long persistence of a Tertiary ironstone cover inhibiting surface solution.
Includes: 7 figures, 10 tables, 45 refs
Title: Taylor Creek Silcrete Cave, North of Melbourne, Central Victoria
Authors: Webb, J.A. ; Joyce, E.B.
Published: 1983, Helictite 21(1):25-32
Abstract by authors:
Taylor Creek Cave is formed within sediments of the Red Bluff Sand, a Pliocene unit overlain by Newer Volcanics. The cave consists of a single low chamber, 12m long and 5m wide, that has been excavated in friable sandstone under a resilient silcrete roof; it has formed by an unusual combination of piping and stream erosion. Taylor Creek initially exposed the silcrete surface, then piping below the silcrete caused tunnel formation in the sandstone. Collapse of overlying material into this tunnel captured Taylor Creek, causing it to flow beneath the silcrete and thereby enlarge the cave to its present size.
Includes: 5 figures, 19 refs
Title: Mechanical Testing and Evaluation of Screw-Links
Authors: Martin, D. J.
Published: 1983, Helictite 21(1):21-24
Abstract by author:
Screw-Links (maillon rapides) are an item of equipment which may be used as an alternative
to karabiners in some caving situations. The gate design of a screw-link gives it several
advantages over the karabiner. The results of testing of some screw links which are
sold in Australia are presented. Some recommendations as to their suitability for
caving use are given.
Includes: 1 figure, 3 tables, 2 photos, 4 refs
Title: Further Studies at the Blue Waterholes, Cooleman Plain, N.S.W., 1969-77, Part I, Climate and Hydrology
Authors: Jennings, J. N.
Published: 1983, Helictite 21(1):3-20
Abstract by author:
Previous study of the temporal and spatial distribution of limestone solution at Cooleman Plain rested on monthly discharges and water analyses of the Blue Waterholes over 4 years. For this study automatic recording of discharge (8 years), rainfall (8 years), evaporation (7 years) and temperature (4 years) was attended by variable success in the face of interference, rigorous climate and inaccessibility. The most important aspect of the climatic data was the support obtained for the earlier assumption of similar water balances in the forested igneous frame and the grassland limestone plain.
Runoff was again shown to be highly variable from year to year and to have an oceanic pluvial regime, with a summer-autumn minimum owing much to evapo-transpiration. The flow duration curve from daily discharges puts this karst amongst those where neither extremely high nor low flows are important. The stream routing pattern offsets the effect of 71% of the catchment being on non-karst rocks, damping flood events. An inflection of 700 l/s in a flow duration plot based on discharge class means is interpreted as the threshold at which surface flow down North Branch reaches the Blue Waterholes.
Storages calculated from a generalised recession hydrograph parallel Mendip data where baseflow (fissure) storage provides most of the storage and quickflow (vadose) storage only a secondary part. Water-filled conduit storage (the phreas) could not be determined but is considered small. The baseflow storage seems large, suggesting that it can develop independently of caves in some measure. A quickflow ratio for floods derived by Gunn's modification of the Hewlett and Hibbert separation line method appears relatively low for a mainly non-karst catchment and is again attributed to the routing pattern.
For analysis of variation of the solute load over time, estimates of daily discharge during gaps in the record where made for the author by Dr. A.J. Jakeman and Mr. M.A. Greenaway (see Appendix).
A small number of discharge measures of two contrasted allogenic catchments of the igneous frame shows a unit area yield close to that for the whole catchment. Together with the guaging of most of the allogenic inputs, this supports the idea that the water yield is much the same from the forested ranges and the grassland plain. This is important for the estimation of limestone removal rates.
Includes: 11 figures, 4 tables, 1 appendix, 4 refs
Title: Evaluation of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen Data in Cave Atmospheres using the Gibbs Triangle and the Cave Air Index
Authors: Halbert, Erik J. M.
Published: 1982, Helictite 20(2):60-68
Abstract by author:
Water Vapour determines the volume percentage of component gases in cave atmospheres. This is particularly significant in foul air caves where carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations are measured and used to diagnose foul air types. The variation in atmospheric composition brought about by systematic change in carbon dioxide and oxygen levels is examined and shown on the Gibbs triangle. The current three foul air types are readily identifiable in this visualisation of data, and the boundaries of these types are mapped. Further, these diverse data can be combined into a Cave Air Index by which foul air atmospheres may be assigned to type in a rapid and objective manner. The use of these concepts in evaluation of published data on Wellington and Bungonia Caves and with mine and soil data is shown.
Includes: 4 figures, 3 tables, 1 appendix, 28 refs
Title: Granite Caves in Girraween National Park, South-East Queensland
Authors: Finlayson, Brian
Published: